The Importance Of Being A Good Critical Thinker

Healthy living habits can be learned with determination and discipline; the habits neither involve strict nutrition philosophies, staying unrealistically thin, nor depriving yourself of the foods you love. It involves eating the right potion of diet at the right time to facilitate feeling great, having more energy, and keeping as healthy as possible. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance Of Being A Good Critical Thinker specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to the article by Frimming, Polsgrove and Bower, 2011, the human beings are different and respond differently to different food diets, thus, the most important element when developing the right eating habit is to understand the response of particular food on oneself (Frimming, Polsgrove Bower, 2011). Healthy eating habits can be taught to different class of people using the method that can easily access them. The article was researched from a u niversity setting where the role that use of social networks when training or giving information on healthy eating was examined. According to the research, modern adoption of technology among the youth has become an effective communication tool where crucial information can be shared. The article encourages instructors and teachers to in the digital age to use the increasing access to information, communication and resources to enhance and develop an effective classroom experience. The article is of the opinion that when technology has been adopted in dispensing information, it is an effective and cheap way through which people can share information among them for the benefit of the community. When technology is used as the mode of communication, it increases the speed of communication and dissemination of course content (in the case of university setting) and facilitates sharing of information among the users of the technology tool. As a form of interaction, information and news are dispensed using social network sites; the digital age generation are running away from the traditional print work to new models of getting information. Electronic sharing of information and news is taking centre-stage in different communities, thus, it can be an effective method through which healthy living information can be shared. According to Hill and Moran (2011), in the article Social marketing meets interactive media, current generations can be well met using social networks, and advertisers should have the innovative mind of tapping interactive medias when developing their marketing campaigns. Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The needs of current generation are fast and attractive information, thus, to be successful in marketing for the population, business managers need to dispense information in a fast and efficient method to reach generation Y (Hill Moran, 2011 ). According to the article, there are a growing number of social networks that can be adopted to sell or dispense information; the networks include Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and Yahoo Chat. With the above networks, healthy practices can be taught. The article challenges health care managers to develop health care marketing strategies that facilitate dispensing information on healthy eating using social Medias. The rate of information sharing when using social media has been proved to be higher than the rate that information move using other means of communication; this is more faster when dealing with youthful generation. The rate of information sharing using social networks is the advantage that health living campaigners should use to tap the youthful population. When using social networks to dispense health information, the wordings used should be attractive, for example, an advert may state: â€Å"Healthy eating involves â€Å"eating smart†, it is not just  what   you eat, but  how  you eat. Such phrases are likely to attract youthful population to read such articles (Hackworth Kunz, 2011). References Frimming, R., Polsgrove, M., Bower, G. (2011). Evaluation of a Health and Fitness Social Media Experience. American Journal of Health Education, 42(4), 222-227. Hackworth, B. A., Kunz, M. B. (2011). HEALTH CARE AND SOCIAL MEDIA: BUILDING RELATIONSHIPS VIA SOCIAL NETWORKS. Academy Of Health Care Management Journal, 7(2), 1-14. Hill, R. P., Moran, N. (2011). Social marketing meets interactive media. International Journal Of Advertising, 30(5), 815-838.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance Of Being A Good Critical Thinker specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on The Importance Of Being A Good Critical Thinker was written and submitted by user TheFury to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Occupational lung disease is occupational asthma Essay Example

Occupational lung disease is occupational asthma Essay Example Occupational lung disease is occupational asthma Essay Occupational lung disease is occupational asthma Essay MOLECULAR MECHANISMS BY WHICH CHEMICALS CAN CAUSE OCCUPATIONAL ASTHMA Introduction Occupational asthma can be defined as a disease characterized by airflow restriction and/or airway hyper reactivity due to causes and conditions attributable to a peculiar occupational environment and non to stimuli encountered outside the workplace ( Bernstein et al. , 1993 ) . In most industrialised states, the most common occupational lung disease is occupational asthma and it was reported by Mantyjarvi et al. , 1992 that close to 200 agents are known to bring on occupational asthma. Chemical-induced occupational asthma is chiefly determined by the degree and manner of exposure to such chemicals. The mechanisms by which chemicals causes occupational asthma are non to the full understood and it is possible for common tracts to be shared. Some of the postulated mechanisms by which chemicals cause occupational asthma include immunological and non-immunological mechanisms. The immunological mechanism is non to the full clear but it can happen either through Ig E ( IgE ) dependant mech anism or non-IgE dependent mechanism. It was besides established from surveies that occupational asthma can be caused by more than one mechanism. Other postulated mechanisms include familial mechanism, pharmacological mechanism, neurogenic and airway redness ( Mapp et al. , 1994 ) . Compounds that cause occupational asthma can be classified into high molecular and low molecular weight compounds. Largely, low molecular weight compounds ( MW lt ; 1000KDa ) causes occupational asthma because they act every bit haptens as a consequence of adhering to bearer proteins and they besides contain chemically reactive groups ( Bernstein J.A 1996 ) . In contrast, bulk of high molecular weight compounds are either protein or carbonhydrate compounds unlike low molecular weight compounds that are largely chemicals. In this essay, much accent will be on the low molecular weight compounds because bulk of them are chemicals. Low molecular weight chemicals Some low molecular weight chemicals ( MW lt ; 1000 KDa ) are known as inducers of occupational asthma and are either IgE dependant or nons of low molecular chemicals that are IgE dependent include metals such as Ni, Cr and Pt, acerb anhydrides and pharmaceutical merchandises. Metallic elements Exposures to metals at work topographic point are known to do occupational asthma. Largely, when metallic compounds are inhaled, it can ensue in metal smoke febrility, bronchitis and chemical pneumonitis. Inhalation of metallic compounds at chronic degree consequences in chronic bronchitis, pneumonoconiosis and emphysema. Exposure to metals can happen at different occupational degree such as metallurgical industries, metal excavation, soldering and welding industries. Categorically, metals doing occupational asthma can be classified as ( 1 ) difficult metals, e.g. Co ( 2 ) passage metals, e.g. Zn, Cr, Ni ( 3 ) cherished metals e.g. Pd and Pt. Chromium exposure to chromium salts are known to bring on occupational asthma. Contact dermatitis consequences when worlds are exposed to chromium salts in workplace such as cement and pigment production, tanning and electroplating. Occupational asthma as a consequence of Cr is noted and observed by a history of contact dermatitis ( Chang-Yeung et al. , 1994 ) . Besides, nickel-induced asthma may be enhanced by cell-mediated hypersensitivity. Nickel worlds are exposed to nickel at workplace such as smelting and refinement procedure, excavation, milling and electroplating industries. In open workers, nickel doing asthma is rare unlike Cr which causes contact dermatitis. It was reported that nickel-induced asthma consequences when workers are exposed to nickel sulfate ( Malo et al. , 1982 ) . In some instances, specific IgE antibodies to nickel-human serum albumen conjugate have been reported ( Malo et al. , 1982 ) . Furthermore, nickel induced asthma can be enhanced by cell-mediated hypersensitivity as a consequence of transformed lymph cell found in patients with nickel-induced asthma ( Kusaka et al. , 1991 ) . Zinc different illustrations of zinc-induced asthma are common following exposure to exhausts of Zn oxide. Workers exposed to zinc in steel fabrication and insect powder industries, welding of galvanized Fe and exhausts of Zn oxide are known to hold occupational asthma. Metal fume febrility with cough and breath shortness are reported symptoms of fume zinc oxide exposure. Platinum exposure to platinum salts are widely known to bring on asthma. Workers exposed to platinum in chemical industries, excavation and refinement procedures are reported to hold occupational asthma. The most widely known Pt salt which causes occupational asthma is the halide salts. Platinum salts were found in allergic workers with a positive tegument trial and the wireless allergosorbent trial processs are used to observe specific IgE antibodies ( Pepys et al. , 1972 ; Biagini et al. , 1985 ) . Acid anhydrides Acid anhydrides used in epoxy and alkyd rosins such as hexahydrophthalic, trimellitic, phthalic and tetrachlorophthalic anhydrides consequences in hypersensitivity reactions in open workers. They tend to adhere with endogenous proteins to organize conjugates with antibodies and besides act as haptens with the antibodies observing the haptens ( Zeiss et al. , 1993 ) . They can besides unite with self-proteins to bring forth new, carrier-dependent antigenic determiners with antibody uniting sites being directed against a conformational alteration in self-proteins ( Zeiss et al. , 1993 ) . Trimellitic anhydride when trimellitic anhydride are coupled with proteins, new determiners are induced which are antigenic in nature. This is really similar to when trimellitic anhydride induces specific IgE, IgM, IgG and IgA antibodies against hapten. Lung diseases such as asthma, pneumonic disease-anaemia syndrome, and coryza are caused as a consequence of high degree of exposure to trimellitic anhydride. Tetrachlorophthalate anhydride ( TCPA ) high exposure to TCPA at workplace has been reported to bring on occupational asthma. Workers exposed to TCPA-conjugate showed a high addition in specific IgE antibodies in a study carried out by Chang-Yeung et al. , 1994. The degree of exposure to TCPA is really of import as workers removed from exposure showed a lessening in IgE antibodies degree ( Chang-Yeung et al. , 1994 ) . It was besides reported by Chang-Yeung et Al that airway hyper reactivity was absent but several types of hypersensitivity reactions were induced. Non-IgE dependant chemicals The molecular mechanisms for low molecular weight chemicals which are nons of chemicals which are non-IgE dependent includes ; Diisocyanates Diisocyanates are chemicals which have N, C and O group. These groups are attached to a extremist and react with compounds such as polyglycols to organize polyurethane. They are extensively used in industries and are known as inducers of occupational asthma. They are low molecular weight compounds synthesised when there is a reaction between their hydrochlorides or aminoalkanes with phosgene. Pre-polymers of diisocyanates such as methylbenzene diisocyanate ( TDI ) , methyldiphenyl diisocyanate ( MDI ) and hexamethylene diisocyanate ( HDI ) are known to do occupational asthma. Chang-Yeung et Al ( 1994 ) reported that the most common cause of occupational asthma in many industrialised states is toluene diisocyanate. Furthermore, hypersensitivity reactions which are cell-mediated have been observed in open workers. Although the mechanisms of TDI-induced asthma is non to the full understood but it was reported that they show belongingss which are similar to that of ?- adrenergic encircle ment. Furthermore, MDI is besides an inducer of occupational asthma. Exposed workers seem to hold specific IgE and IgG antibodies which indicate sensitisation instead than a disease. The mechanism by which MDI induced occupational asthma is non to the full clear. HDI are extensively used in aircraft and car spray pigments and are more volatile than TDI. The mechanism by which HDI induced asthma is non clearly understood but instances of HDI exposure have been reported in literatures ( Bohner C.B. et al. , 1941 ) . Besides, intracellular glutathione lack can be induced by diisocyanates which in bends lead to the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase. The degrees of intracellular peroxide additions in workers exposed to diisocyanates and adhesion molecule in monocytic cell lines are expressed ( Elms J et al. , 2001 ) . Plicatic acid ( PA ) Plicatic acids are low molecular weight chemicals which are present in forests and are known to do ruddy cedar asthma ( Harris MG et al. , 1977 ) . The molecular weight of plicatic acid is 440 K Da. Allergen is formed when there is a junction between plicatic acid and human serum albumen. Patients with ruddy cedar asthma have been reported to involved in histamine release but recent surveies indicates that specific IgE antibodies are non responsible for the histamine release. Further surveies are required as the mechanism by which PA-induced asthma is non to the full understood. Amines Amines are widely used in primary and secondary fabrication industries such as cosmetics, hair dye, gum elastic and pelt industries ( Wernfors M et al. , 1986 ) . Quarternary, third and secondary aminoalkanes either aromatic or aliphatic are known as inducers of occupational asthma. The molecular mechanism by which asthma are induced by aminoalkanes still remain ill-defined. Formaldehyde Formaldehyde is a chemical that induce occupational asthma through non-immunological mechanisms. In lower concentrations, they serve as sensitiser and at high concentrations, they are thorns. Assorted surveies have been carried out to observe specific antibodies in open workers but they are yet to be successful but it was reported that degrees of bronchoconstriction between 1-2ppm were observed in open workers ( Nordman H et al. , 1985 ) . Decision Mentions Mantyjarvi J et al. , ( 1992 ) , IgG and IgE antibody responses to overawe dander and piss in husbandmans with cow-induced asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 1992 ; 22: 83-90. Bohner CB et al. , ( 1941 ) , Sensitivity to gum acacia, with a study of 10 instances of asthma in pressmans. J Allergy 1941 ; 12: 290-294. Harris MG et al. , ( 1979 ) , Isocyanate asthma: respiratory symptoms due to 1,5 naphthylene diisocyanate. Thorax 1979 ; 34: 762-766. Wernfors M et al. , ( 1986 ) , Phthalic anhydride-induced occupational asthma. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1986 ; 79: 77-82. Chan-Yeung M et al. , ( 1994 ) , Aetiological agents in occupational asthma. Eur Respir J. 1994, 7, 346-371. Bernstein, I.L et al. , ( 1993 ) Definition and categorization of asthma. In: I.L, Bernstein, M. Chang-Yeung, J-L.Malo and D.I. Bernstein ( Eds ) , Asthma in the workplace, 1st Ed. , Marcel Dekker, New York, pp.1-4. Elms J et al. , ( 2001 ) , Mechanisms of isocyanate sensitization. An in vitro attack. Toxicol In Vitro 2001 ; 15: 631-634. Sastre J et al. , ( 2003 ) , Pathogenesis of occupational asthma. Eur Respir J 2003 ; 22: 364-373. Deschamps F et al. , ( 1998 ) , Mechanisms of occupational asthma induced by Isocyanates. Ann occup, Hyg. , Vol.42.No, 1.pp.33-36. Bernstein J et al. , ( 1996 ) , Overview od diisocyanate occupational asthma. Toxicology 111 ( 1996 ) 181-189. Map C.E et al. , ( 1994 ) , Mechanisms and pathology of occupational asthma. Eur Respir J, 1994, 7, 544-554. Malo JL et al. , ( 1982 ) , Occupational asthma caused by nickel sulfate. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1982 ; 69: 55-59. Block GT et al. , ( 1982 ) , Asthma induced by Ni. J Am Med Assoc 1982 ; 247: 1600-1602. Kusaka Y et al. , ( 1991 ) , Lymphocyte transmutation trial with Ni in difficult metal asthma: another sensitising componenet of difficult metal. Ind Health 1991: 29: 153-160. Pepys J et al. , ( 1972 ) , Asthma caused by the complex salts of Pt. Br J Ind Med 1945 ; 2: 92-98. Biagini RE et al. , ( 1985 ) , The diverseness of reaginic immune responses to platinum and palladium metallic salts. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1985 ; 76: 794-802. Nordman H et al. , ( 1985 ) , Formaldehyde asthma: rare or overlooked? J Allergy Clin Immunol 1985 ; 75 ; 91-99. Agius R.M et al. , ( 1991 ) , Structure activity hypothesis in occupational asthma caused by low molecular weight substances. Ann. Occup. Hyg. Vol 35, No.2.pp 127-137.

The Use of Humor in I Claudius Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Use of Humor in I Claudius - Essay Example There is a significant taste of originality that surrounds the complex relationship among characters in the narration. The unimaginable betrayal that overrides the true identity of some characters offers humor to the audience, obviously, a poor taste of humor nonetheless captivates in understanding the story. The case of Tiberius who had faith in Sejanus who exhibit mean character sums up to a humorous end and the effect is that it subverts the attention of the narrator towards rhetoric concepts. The intertwining conspiracies and proof of suspicion among major characters can be attributed to institutional changes. In the first place, the author confesses that Claudius himself writes the book but uses such a ploy to keep the audience yearning to hear something. Since ordinary citizenry could not accept that Claudius is the man under question, the unusual ending of the biography that emphasizes leadership styles that Marvel everyone. How could one write a book and finally tell the authors that the entire work is a personal experience? This is the first aspect of intrigue that leaves the audience wondering about the overall intention of the narrator. Since literature is the mirror in which the character of an individual is reflected, humor diffuses the contentious part of it. Humor also helps in breaking the monotony of the series of murders that characterize the power wrangles in which Claudius takes a central role. In essence, this work is composed of several literary tools that underlie the aggregate composition.

Service visit and analyzes assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Service visit and analyzes assignment - Essay Example As added proof of the almost excellent knowledge that Starbucks baristas have, he was able to prepare this drink without having to look up how it is mixed while all along explaining to me what went on in its making (Bussing-Burks 55). Another service aspect that I find to be particularly outstanding at Starbucks is the fact that the restaurant never sells any coffee that happens to have been sitting for more than 30 minutes. While on my visit to the shop I personally noted that the baristas would rather throw away coffee than attempt to serve anything old they deem to be old. There are however a number of aspects that left me with a negative perception during my service visit to Starbucks. The service at Starbucks can at times prove to be rude. One striking case that comes to mind is that while I was quietly seated at a corner sipping at my nutella latte while all along analyzing the service at the Starbucks store I was visiting. An incident occurred that I deemed to not be quite appropriate. During a rare lull when there were actually no customers waiting to be served at the store. The cashier started chatting with one of the barista’s, a lady walked into the store proceeded to go and stand in front of the coffee makers while awaiting to be served. Despite having noticed the presence of this customer, the cashier and barista continued with their conversation and ignored the customer who was rapidly becoming inpatient. After about two minutes of idle waiting, the customer demanded to know why she was not being served upon which the cashier rudely replied that the customer was not standing at the proper location where people order. This greatly infuriated the customer who walked out in anger and promised to file an official complaint. I found this to be quite unprofessional and it had the effect of negatively influencing my perception of the overall customer experience at the

Climate Change Paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Climate Change - Term Paper Example For example, if major actors in the world’s politics, such as President Bush for instance, are asked about the biggest threat in the world, he may have a list of threats that do not include the dilemma of climate change. The long list of possible threats may include terrorism, security in Iraq, and the extremism of Iran. While all these concerns may be important issues to deal with, the problem of climate change should be given equal, or perhaps more, attention from all countries of the world due to its possible global effects. In that sense, Blair’s argument about the seriousness of the climate change issue is not far-fetched. Rather, his claim that global warming and climate changes should be two of our major concerns in the whole world is reasonable and valid. Actually, Blair’s concerns, which were echoed by the United Nations, about the security threat of climate change are justifiable due to the dangerous effects of global warming on health, economy, and the environment. In recent years, the world’s average temperatures are rising, constituting a serious problem, referred to as ‘global warming.’ This phenomenon occurs as a result of the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) on high levels of air. To put it in simple words, the more amounts of Carbon dioxide concentrated in the atmosphere, the higher the world temperatures will grow. Carbon dioxide is one of the main elements in the greenhouse gases that should be reduced in order to keep world temperatures from rising (Houghton). The main source of Carbon dioxide is man’s industrial activities, especially in rich industrialized countries. As made clear by many scientists, â€Å"carbon dioxide (CO2) gas generated by man's burning of fossil fuels and the forests is responsible for about half the greenhouse gas warming† (â€Å"The Effects of Global Warming.†). Thus, the indirect effect of the increasing industrialization trends in the world is the global rise in the temperature levels. This puts much of the responsibility on industrialized nations in trying to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. In fact, the change in the climate is not too slight to realize; rather, it can be felt by ordinary people, not only by specialized scientists and environmentalists. In Egypt, for instance, most people are aware that summer weather has become much hotter than the case tens of years ago. Also, there are the recurrent waves of hot weather that hit Europe, which has never used to such high temperatures before. Consequently, the change in global climate should be the concern of all kinds of people in all countries, not only scientists and those who are specialized in the geography of the world. Climate change can cause major economic problems for countries, which would have to spend huge amounts of money curing its citizens from the detrimental effect of this environmental phenomenon on health. Human bodies are unable to cope with the severe changes in weather temperatures, when they go too high or too low. Hence, human bodies are accustomed to bear temperatures that revolve around the average. So, the rise in the world temperatures has its serious negative impacts on health, causing a series of diseases and side effects. Generally, world statistics prove that â€Å"extremely hot temperatures increase the number of people who die on a given day†

Is Killing And Letting Die The Same Thing?

Is Killing And Letting Die The Same Thing? It should be clear, I think, that kill and let die are too blunt to be useful tools for the solving of this problem  [1]  . The problem he is referring to is we tend to think that killing and letting have completely different perceptions. Thomson tries to give more details and explanation that killing and letting die might be the same thing whether we wish to believe it or not. She tries of explains this using the trolley problem, which raises the issue of killing and letting die. The distinction between killing and letting die appears to be a specific case of the more general distinction between doing harm and allowing harm. But this is not quite right; most cases of killing involve doing harm, and most cases of letting die involve allowing harm. However, there are cases in which death is not harm, and therefore in which killing does not involve doing harm. There is case in which a continued life involves overwhelming suffering; death may be benefit to the sufferer. It follows that even if doing harm is morally worse, in itself, than allowing harm. And the question arises from the trolley problem whether you should kill one person or kill five persons. Most people would agree that killing one persons and letting five live is more rational. While others would think that they should not do anything, which is let the trolley go through and kill five workers. The most significant argument on this would be towards the deontological position which says that every person is an end in it self and not just a mean to an end. But it can be insulting to consider the one person on the track as a mean to an end, which in this case to save five lives. For argument sake let us agree that killing is worse than letting die; and also let us say that if you allow someone to die, you could have prevented it from happening, you are not responsible for the death of that one person. In this case, it wouldnt be considered insulting to allow five people to die; it can also assume that they were going to die anyway, and you are not the cause of their dea ths. But on the other hand, it would be disrespectful to kill that one person to save the lives of five individuals, because you are causing the death directly. Given the scenario, it is not clear whether killing is worst that letting die, it can even be seen as being the same thing, allowing harm and killing. Given the example about our feeling about killing and letting die changes, one is not worse than the other; they seem now like the same thing. Let us assume that in the case of killing and letting die, they are equivalent and they are in the same scenario as the one before. If you have the ability to prevent a death but refuse to do so, you are just as responsible for the death, as in the case if you had killed the person yourself. And in this scenario, you are responsible for the death of five people even if you didnt cause their directly, but because you could have prevented it from happening. It can be seen that, the trolley problem is somewhat confusing since no matter which option you choose, you would be responsible for the death of at least one person. So It can clearly been seen that, it does not matter what you do because either option you would be treating someone as a means rather than an end. It can also be argued that it is better to be respectful to a larger amount of rational beings than to fewer, therefore you can kill one rather than let five die, everything else is the same in bother instances. Considering our moral duty, whether in the case of letting die is considered the same as killing. In the scenario with the bystander Thompson states to come to a solution with solving the Trolley problem we should focus on the concept of rights, focusing on the relationship between the bystanders and the one he would harm in his efforts to save the five. Basically, she is recommending that despite the fact the bystander is going to be treated wrongfully the persons life she is about to be sacrificed. Whichever way the bystander chooses to intervenes to save the five lives by hitting a switch and diverting the trolley which is violating the rights of the other person. If the bystander decides to take part in the action, she is not considered a bystander according to Thomsons, more like becoming actively involved. While the bystander may become hero for saving the five workmen by hitting the switch, at the same time she might be an assailant in respect to the person being sacrificed. Therefore, why wouldnt it be morally allowable for the one person to protect himself against any da nger that is threatening his life? Thomson states if are in a position, if you do not kill someone, it they will bring about your death instead, it can justifiable in killing them first whether they are going to kill you knowingly, purposely, or cruelly. Thompson said, once we agree that he is about to violate your right and that you can prevent this only by killing him it seems right to conclude that he no longer has a right that you not kill him. In concluding, Thomson solution to the problem says the workman would be justified if he shot and killed the bystander at the switch if it became clear that she was going to divert the trolley. But if justified self-defense requires a potential impermissible rights and the workman is justified in defending himself from the decisions and actions of the bystander, then it follows that the bystanders decision to sacrifice the lone workman is impermissible after all. In the case of being the conductor of the trolley providing the elements of the scenario remains the same killing five is worse than killing one. In addition she also states that if a person is faced with a choice between doing something here and now to five, by the doing of which he will kill them, and doing something else here and now to one, by the doing of which he will kill only the one, then (other things being equal) he ought to choose the second alternation ration than the first.  [2]  

Capital Punishment Essay -- essays research papers

On July 2, 1976, almost two hundred years since the United States of America passed the Declaration of Independence, the Supreme Court legalized capital punishment (Appendix 1). Capital punishment executed for the crime of theft. Since then there have been an estimated 18,000 to 20,000 people lawfully executed(Espy pp.194). In the eighteenth century, England would punish by death for crimes such as pick pocketing and petty theft. After the 1650's colonist could be put to death for denying the true god or cursing their parents advocates. Capital punishment has clashed for a long time in the forum of public opinion in state legislatures and most recently in courts. In 1972, the case of Furman vs. Georgia (Appendix 1) reached the supreme court. The court decided that punishment by death did indeed violate the Eighth Amendment and the prohibition against "cruel and unusual punishment." Because of this decision death sentences all over the country were set aside. Since then capital punishment has become an increasingly controversial issue. In arguments against the death penalty in the United States, several themes have remained constant. Abolitionists have always claimed that capital punishment is not an effective deterrent, or at least, nobetter than long term imprisonment. Furthermore they argue that it imposed unreasonable risks in the possibility of executing the wrong person; that a willingness to use it tends to brutalize society; that it has never been administered in a morally unobjectable manner; and finally that it is used mainly against relatively defenseless members of minority groups. During the past generation, opposition to the death penalty has been put into the context of a struggle to wipe out racism. Among the foremost writers who have criticized the death penalty is Charles L. Black, Jr., Sterling Professor of Law at Yale Law School. In his book, Capital Punishment: The Inevitability of Caprice and Mistake, he deals with many of the problems surrounding capital punishment. In regards to race he asks the question, "Why are more than half the people on death row black in a country with about eleven percent blacks (78) ? According to a study brought by Black, in cases of a black killing a white, .214 are sentenced to death, while in a case of a white killing a black, .000 are sentenced to death (Appendix 2). In virtual... ...ther hand, what about an innocent person getting killed? Can we, as mere human's sentence another human being to death? In the end my feelings go with my religion. In a famous case in the Talmud, which surprisingly enough is cited in Black's book, the death penalty is discussed. Jewish law is full of the death penalty. Yet as time went on the court in ancient Jerusalem, without changing the Law, devised procedural safeguards so refined, so difficult of satisfying, that the penalty of death could only very rarely be exacted. So approved was this process that it is said in the Talmud that when one Rabbi called "destructive" a court that imposed the death sentence once in seven years, another said, " Once in seventy years", and two others said that, had they been on the great Court, no death sentence would ever have been carried out. It is my belief that in constructing these procedural safeguards to limit executions the Rabbi's were making a point. In essence they were saying, "Though the justice of God may indeed ordain that some should die, the justice of man is altogether and always insufficient for saying who these may be." I believe in the concep